Given the poor levels of digital literacy reported among freshman Japanese students (see Lockley 2011; Murray ＆ Blyth, 2011; OECD, 2015), the researchers of this current study are working to determine whether underdeveloped computer literacies restricted students from the College of Tourism and Hospitality from accessing educational and social opportunities while studying in Australia. This paper reports on a screening of 73 returnee students who completed an online questionnaire, which asked about their perceptions of computer literacy and their competence using computers while studying abroad. Key findings indicate that more than half of respondents believed that their skills were inferior to other students studying in Australia, and compared to studying in Japan, 80％ disclosed using their computers more while studying in Australia.

Milliner, B., & Cote, T. (2016). Reflections on Japanese university study abroad students’ digital literacy: Is more ICT training needed? 教師教育リサーチセンター年報 第 6 号, 99-109.