Despite rapid demographic decline, Japan has long admitted low-skilled migrants only through ‘side-door’ schemes such as the Technical Intern Training Program (TITP). Pressure for reform now comes from moral critiques of these schemes and intensifying labor shortages. In 2018, Japan introduced the Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) program, opening selected sectors, including agriculture, to bona fide foreign labor and enabling longer stays when combined with TITP. This paper examines what these changes mean in practice, how farmer-employers perceive them, and whether SSW can provide a sustainable farm labor supply. Based on qualitative interviews conducted from 2018 to 2022 in Kyoto, Aichi, and Tokyo, we show that employers urgently need workers but resist reforms that challenge existing labor conditions, exposing contradictions in Japan’s migration policy today overall.
Research papers (academic journals)